[In the beginning it was zoonosis: One Health to combat this and future pandemics. SESPAS Report 2022]. / En el principio fue la zoonosis: One Health para combatir esta y futuras pandemias. Informe SESPAS 2022.

The new pandemic, COVID-19, highlighted the importance of the animal-human-environment interface in the emergence of zoonoses. The jump of the species barrier is considered a rare event although the number of emerging infectious diseases increased significantly in the second half of the 20th century. Most of them transmitted from wildlife to humans. Several elements can contribute to the emergence of zoonoses: human interaction on ecosystems, biodiversity loss, changes in land use, climate change, trade in or consumption of wildlife. There are different stages in the adaptation of an animal pathogen into a specialized human pathogen, varying from its presence in animals without human infection to a pathogen exclusive to humans. The history of zoonoses allows the identification of critical points for their control, as well as the identification of probable virus or bacteria involved in future pandemics. Concerning COVID-19, the knowledge of the possible reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2 contributed to decision-making during the pandemic. Therefore, and given the variety of scenarios that allow the jump of species barrier or the evolution of pathogens in a new host, One Health strategies for zoonosis emergence surveillance should be implemented.

Perceived Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown on the Family Context of Foster and Non-Foster Families.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting lockdown have had a far-reaching impact across all levels of society. In Spain, severe restrictions were placed on people's mobility, and leaving the home was only possible under special circumstances. This study analyzes the impact of lockdown on the family context of foster and non-foster families, focusing particularly on their levels of cohesion, adaptability, and perceived stress. It also examines a series of variables that may have influenced foster families' perceptions of their family context during lockdown. Data were gathered through an online survey that was completed by 347 individuals corresponding to 100 foster families and 247 non-foster families from different regions of Spain. Analyses were descriptive and exploratory in nature. The results appear to suggest that lockdown has had a greater impact on the family context of non-foster families. With respect to foster families' experiences of lockdown, variables such as loss of employment and having a child with special educational needs would seem to be important. For both types of families, lockdown has provided an opportunity to improve certain aspects of their family context. Given that further lockdowns of some degree may be necessary in the future, it is important to ensure that families have access to the psychoeducational resources they need to maintain, as far as possible, a positive family context.

Perceived stress, resources and adaptation in relation to the COVID-19 lockdown in Spanish foster and non-foster families.

The lockdown imposed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented stress on families. The family is a key system in relation to child development, and when birth families are unable to meet their child's needs, foster carers become an important source of support in their development. The Double ABC-X Model of family stress and adaptation considers that a family's capacity to cope with stressful situations is influenced by pile-up of stressors, family resources and perception of the situation. Following this model, the study aimed to determine the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on family stress and functioning. The sample comprised 347 Spanish adults (100 with foster families and 247 with non-foster families) who completed a survey during lockdown. The results showed that certain sociodemographic variables (gender, income, working from home, characteristics of the home and children with special educational needs) were associated with stressors during lockdown, perception of the lockdown, and family adaptation to stress during lockdown. Associations were also found between stressors, family resources, perception of lockdown, and family adaptation in foster and non-foster families, with the former having a more positive perception of the lockdown experience. The relevance of the results and their implications are discussed.